Synthetic Fabrics and Your Body: Polyester, Hormones, and Microplastics — Sources

[R01] Textile Exchange, Materials Market Report 2024 — global fiber production data (124 million tonnes, polyester 57% share)
[R02] Biver, Turner & Filella, 'Antimony migration from polyester textiles into artificial sweat,' Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2021
[R03] Royal College of Pediatrics UK cohort study on polyester school uniforms and atopic dermatitis, 2022 (N=450)
[R04] U.S. GAO Report GAO-10-875, 'Formaldehyde in textiles — allergic contact dermatitis risk,' 2010
[R05] Swedish-market study on disperse dyes in synthetic garments — textile allergens and migration mechanisms (PMC 9542814)
[R06] OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100 certification documentation — limit values and product classes (2023 edition)
[R07] GOTS v7.0 certification documentation — PFAS and phthalate prohibitions (Global Standard gGmbH)
[R08] bluesign system substances list (BSSL v14.0) — PFAS phase-out effective January 1, 2025
[R09] IPEN, 'Toxics in Our Clothing' — PFAS/EOF detected in 65.3% of water/stain-resistant textile items tested (47/72)
[R10] Hazard quotient risk assessment for antimony from polyester clothing — regulatory toxicology literature (HQ up to >1 for certain garments)
[R11] Children's polyester fabric antimony comparative study — 30–260 mg/kg range, EU/US safety thresholds
[R12] Environmental Science & Technology, 2023 — microplastics detected in human blood, placenta, and lung tissue
[R13] Systematic review on sleepwear/bedding fiber types and sleep quality, 2024 — 9 eligible studies (PMC 11596996)
[R14] Controlled sleep study: wool vs cotton sleepwear, wool vs polyester bedding at 17°C vs 22°C — polysomnography (PMC 4853167)
[R15] Laundry microfiber shedding study — 838 mg/kg (cotton-polyester fleece) vs 103 mg/kg (jersey) per wash (PMC 8270180)
[R16] Fabric type and washing temperature microfiber release study — higher temp and detergent increase shedding (ScienceDirect, 2019)
[R17] Systematic review of WWTP microplastic removal — ~96% removal efficiency but sludge pathway concerns (PMC 7663475)
[R18] Nano Letters, 2022 — nanoplastic oxidative stress and inflammation in human cells (in vitro)
[R19] Endocrine Society research tradition — stakeholder perspective synthesis on EDC low-dose effects and textile chemical exposure
[R20] The Guardian (2022) and Environmental Health News (2023) — investigative reporting on textile microfiber accumulation
[R21] Textile Exchange / AAFA industry position statements on synthetic fiber safety and regulatory compliance
[R22] Classic textile research on transfer to skin of chemicals from durable press finishes under normal wear (Textile Research Journal, 1982)
[R23] Skin microbiome and textile fiber observational research — odor bacteria in polyester vs. cotton gym wear (multiple authors, partially cited)
[R24] Dermatologist/allergist clinical consensus on contact dermatitis — stakeholder synthesis on fiber vs. finish distinction